Azure Pentesting

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Ondersteun HackTricks

• Kyk na die subskripsie planne!

• Sluit aan by die 💬 Discord groep of die telegram groep of volg ons op Twitter 🐦 @hacktricks_live.

• Deel hacking truuks deur PR's in te dien na die HackTricks en HackTricks Cloud github repos.

Basiese Inligting

Az - Basic Information

Azure Pentester/Red Team Metodologie

Om 'n AZURE omgewing te oudit, is dit baie belangrik om te weet: watter dienste gebruik word, wat is blootgestel, wie het toegang tot wat, en hoe is interne Azure dienste en eksterne dienste gekoppel.

Vanuit 'n Red Team perspektief, is die eerste stap om 'n Azure omgewing te kompromitteer om te slaag om 'n paar akkrediteer vir Azure AD te verkry. Hier is 'n paar idees oor hoe om dit te doen:

• Lekke in github (of soortgelyk) - OSINT

• Sosiale Ingenieurswese

• Wagwoord hergebruik (wagwoordlekke)

• Kwetsbaarhede in Azure-gehoste toepassings

• Server Side Request Forgery met toegang tot metadata eindpunt

• Plaaslike Lêer Lees

• /home/USERNAME/.azure

• C:\Users\USERNAME\.azure

• Die lêer accessTokens.json in az cli voor 2.30 - Jan2022 - gestoor toegangstokens in duidelike teks

• Die lêer azureProfile.json bevat inligting oor die ingelogde gebruiker.

• az logout verwyder die token.

• Ou weergawe van Az PowerShell het toegangstokens in duidelike teks in TokenCache.dat gestoor. Dit stoor ook ServicePrincipalSecret in duidelike teks in AzureRmContext.json. Die cmdlet Save-AzContext kan gebruik word om tokens te stoor. Gebruik Disconnect-AzAccount om hulle te verwyder.

• 3de partye gekompromitteer

• Interne Werknemer

• Algemene Phishing (akkrediteer of Oauth App)

• Toestelkode Verifikasie Phishing

• Azure Wagwoord Spuit

Selfs as jy nie enige gebruiker binne die Azure tenant wat jy aanval, gecompromitteer het nie, kan jy 'n paar inligting daaruit versamel:

Az - Unauthenticated Enum & Initial Entry

Nadat jy daarin geslaag het om akkrediteer te verkry, moet jy weet aan wie behoort daardie akkrediteer, en waartoe hulle toegang het, so jy moet 'n paar basiese enumerasie uitvoer:

Basiese Enumerasie

Onthou dat die luidste deel van die enumerasie die inlog is, nie die enumerasie self nie.

SSRF

As jy 'n SSRF in 'n masjien binne Azure gevind het, kyk hierdie bladsy vir truuks:

Cloud SSRFHackTricks

Bypass Inlog Voorwaardes

In gevalle waar jy 'n paar geldige akkrediteer het, maar jy kan nie inlog nie, is dit 'n paar algemene beskermings wat in plek kan wees:

• IP witlys -- Jy moet 'n geldige IP kompromitteer

• Geo beperkings -- Vind waar die gebruiker woon of waar die kantore van die maatskappy is en kry 'n IP van dieselfde stad (of land ten minste)

• Blaaier -- Miskien is slegs 'n blaaier van sekere OS (Windows, Linux, Mac, Android, iOS) toegelaat. Vind uit watter OS die slagoffer/maatskappy gebruik.

• Jy kan ook probeer om Service Principal akkrediteer te kompromitteer, aangesien hulle gewoonlik minder beperk is en hul inlog minder nagegaan word

Nadat jy dit omseil het, mag jy in staat wees om terug te keer na jou aanvanklike opstelling en jy sal steeds toegang hê.

Subdomein Oorname

• https://godiego.co/posts/STO-Azure/

Whoami

Leer hoe om az cli, AzureAD en Az PowerShell te installeer in die Az - Entra ID afdeling.

Een van die eerste dinge wat jy moet weet is wie jy is (in watter omgewing jy is):

az cli

az account list
az account tenant list # Current tenant info
az account subscription list # Current subscription info
az ad signed-in-user show # Current signed-in user
az ad signed-in-user list-owned-objects # Get owned objects by current user
az account management-group list #Not allowed by default

AzureAD

#Get the current session state
Get-AzureADCurrentSessionInfo
#Get details of the current tenant
Get-AzureADTenantDetail

Az PowerShell

# Get the information about the current context (Account, Tenant, Subscription etc.)
Get-AzContext
# List all available contexts
Get-AzContext -ListAvailable
# Enumerate subscriptions accessible by the current user
Get-AzSubscription
#Get Resource group
Get-AzResourceGroup
# Enumerate all resources visible to the current user
Get-AzResource
# Enumerate all Azure RBAC role assignments
Get-AzRoleAssignment # For all users
Get-AzRoleAssignment -SignInName [e-mail] # For current user

Een van die belangrikste opdragte om Azure te evalueer is Get-AzResource van Az PowerShell, aangesien dit jou inligting gee oor die hulpbronne wat jou huidige gebruiker kan sien.

Jy kan dieselfde inligting in die webkonsol kry deur na https://portal.azure.com/#view/HubsExtension/BrowseAll te gaan of te soek vir "Alle hulpbronne"

ENtra ID Evalueering

Standaard behoort enige gebruiker voldoende regte te hê om dinge soos gebruikers, groepe, rolle, diensprinsipale... te evalueer (kyk standaard AzureAD regte). Jy kan hier 'n gids vind:

https://github.com/HackTricks-wiki/hacktricks-cloud/blob/af/pentesting-cloud/azure-security/az-services/az-azuread.md

Nou dat jy 'n bietjie inligting oor jou akrediteer het (en as jy 'n rooi span is, hoop ek jy is nie opgespoor nie). Dit is tyd om uit te vind watter dienste in die omgewing gebruik word. In die volgende afdeling kan jy 'n paar maniere kyk om 'n paar algemene dienste te evalueer.

App Service SCM

Kudu-konsol om in te log in die App Service 'houer'.

Webshell

Gebruik portal.azure.com en kies die shell, of gebruik shell.azure.com, vir 'n bash of powershell. Die 'skyf' van hierdie shell word as 'n beeldlêer in 'n stoorrekening gestoor.

Azure DevOps

Azure DevOps is apart van Azure. Dit het repositories, pipelines (yaml of release), borde, wiki, en meer. Veranderlike Groepe word gebruik om veranderlike waardes en geheime te stoor.

Debug | MitM az cli

Deur die parameter --debug te gebruik, is dit moontlik om al die versoeke wat die hulpmiddel az stuur, te sien:

az account management-group list --output table --debug

Om 'n MitM na die hulpmiddel te doen en al die versoeke wat dit handmatig stuur te kontroleer, kan jy doen:

Bash

export ADAL_PYTHON_SSL_NO_VERIFY=1
export AZURE_CLI_DISABLE_CONNECTION_VERIFICATION=1
export HTTPS_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"
export HTTP_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"

# If this is not enough
# Download the certificate from Burp and convert it into .pem format
# And export the following env variable
openssl x509 -in ~/Downloads/cacert.der -inform DER -out ~/Downloads/cacert.pem -outform PEM
export REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE=/Users/user/Downloads/cacert.pem

PS

$env:ADAL_PYTHON_SSL_NO_VERIFY=1
$env:AZURE_CLI_DISABLE_CONNECTION_VERIFICATION=1
$env:HTTPS_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"
$env:HTTP_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"

Geoutomatiseerde Recon Gereedskap

ROADRecon

cd ROADTools
pipenv shell
roadrecon auth -u [e-mail] -p "Welcome2022!"
roadrecon gather
roadrecon gui

Monkey365

Import-Module monkey365
Get-Help Invoke-Monkey365
Get-Help Invoke-Monkey365 -Detailed
Invoke-Monkey365 -IncludeEntraID -ExportTo HTML -Verbose -Debug -InformationAction Continue
Invoke-Monkey365 - Instance Azure -Analysis All -ExportTo HTML

Stormspotter

# Start Backend
cd stormspotter\backend\
pipenv shell
python ssbackend.pyz

# Start Front-end
cd stormspotter\frontend\dist\spa\
quasar.cmd serve -p 9091 --history

# Run Stormcollector
cd stormspotter\stormcollector\
pipenv shell
az login -u [e-mail] -p Welcome2022!
python stormspotter\stormcollector\sscollector.pyz cli
# This will generate a .zip file to upload in the frontend (127.0.0.1:9091)

AzureHound

# You need to use the Az PowerShell and Azure AD modules:
$passwd = ConvertTo-SecureString "Welcome2022!" -AsPlainText -Force
$creds = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential ("[e-mail]", $passwd)
Connect-AzAccount -Credential $creds

Import-Module AzureAD\AzureAD.psd1
Connect-AzureAD -Credential $creds

# Launch AzureHound
. AzureHound\AzureHound.ps1
Invoke-AzureHound -Verbose

# Simple queries
## All Azure Users
MATCH (n:AZUser) return n.name
## All Azure Applications
MATCH (n:AZApp) return n.objectid
## All Azure Devices
MATCH (n:AZDevice) return n.name
## All Azure Groups
MATCH (n:AZGroup) return n.name
## All Azure Key Vaults
MATCH (n:AZKeyVault) return n.name
## All Azure Resource Groups
MATCH (n:AZResourceGroup) return n.name
## All Azure Service Principals
MATCH (n:AZServicePrincipal) return n.objectid
## All Azure Virtual Machines
MATCH (n:AZVM) return n.name
## All Principals with the ‘Contributor’ role
MATCH p = (n)-[r:AZContributor]->(g) RETURN p

# Advanced queries
## Get Global Admins
MATCH p =(n)-[r:AZGlobalAdmin*1..]->(m) RETURN p
## Owners of Azure Groups
MATCH p = (n)-[r:AZOwns]->(g:AZGroup) RETURN p
## All Azure Users and their Groups
MATCH p=(m:AZUser)-[r:MemberOf]->(n) WHERE NOT m.objectid CONTAINS 'S-1-5' RETURN p
## Privileged Service Principals
MATCH p = (g:AZServicePrincipal)-[r]->(n) RETURN p
## Owners of Azure Applications
MATCH p = (n)-[r:AZOwns]->(g:AZApp) RETURN p
## Paths to VMs
MATCH p = (n)-[r]->(g: AZVM) RETURN p
## Paths to KeyVault
MATCH p = (n)-[r]->(g:AZKeyVault) RETURN p
## Paths to Azure Resource Group
MATCH p = (n)-[r]->(g:AZResourceGroup) RETURN p
## On-Prem users with edges to Azure
MATCH  p=(m:User)-[r:AZResetPassword|AZOwns|AZUserAccessAdministrator|AZContributor|AZAddMembers|AZGlobalAdmin|AZVMContributor|AZOwnsAZAvereContributor]->(n) WHERE m.objectid CONTAINS 'S-1-5-21' RETURN p
## All Azure AD Groups that are synchronized with On-Premise AD
MATCH (n:Group) WHERE n.objectid CONTAINS 'S-1-5' AND n.azsyncid IS NOT NULL RETURN n

Azucar

# You should use an account with at least read-permission on the assets you want to access
git clone https://github.com/nccgroup/azucar.git
PS> Get-ChildItem -Recurse c:\Azucar_V10 | Unblock-File

PS> .\Azucar.ps1 -AuthMode UseCachedCredentials -Verbose -WriteLog -Debug -ExportTo PRINT
PS> .\Azucar.ps1 -ExportTo CSV,JSON,XML,EXCEL -AuthMode Certificate_Credentials -Certificate C:\AzucarTest\server.pfx -ApplicationId 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 -TenantID 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
PS> .\Azucar.ps1 -ExportTo CSV,JSON,XML,EXCEL -AuthMode Certificate_Credentials -Certificate C:\AzucarTest\server.pfx -CertFilePassword MySuperP@ssw0rd! -ApplicationId 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 -TenantID 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000

# resolve the TenantID for an specific username
PS> .\Azucar.ps1 -ResolveTenantUserName [e-mail]

MicroBurst

Import-Module .\MicroBurst.psm1
Import-Module .\Get-AzureDomainInfo.ps1
Get-AzureDomainInfo -folder MicroBurst -Verbose

PowerZure

Connect-AzAccount
ipmo C:\Path\To\Powerzure.psd1
Get-AzureTarget

# Reader
$ Get-Runbook, Get-AllUsers, Get-Apps, Get-Resources, Get-WebApps, Get-WebAppDetails

# Contributor
$ Execute-Command -OS Windows -VM Win10Test -ResourceGroup Test-RG -Command "whoami"
$ Execute-MSBuild -VM Win10Test  -ResourceGroup Test-RG -File "build.xml"
$ Get-AllSecrets # AllAppSecrets, AllKeyVaultContents
$ Get-AvailableVMDisks, Get-VMDisk # Download a virtual machine's disk

# Owner
$ Set-Role -Role Contributor -User [e-mail] -Resource Win10VMTest

# Administrator
$ Create-Backdoor, Execute-Backdoor

GraphRunner

#Get-GraphTokens
#A good place to start is to authenticate with the Get-GraphTokens module. This module will launch a device-code login, allowing you to authenticate the session from a browser session. Access and refresh tokens will be written to the global $tokens variable. To use them with other GraphRunner modules use the Tokens flag (Example. Invoke-DumpApps -Tokens $tokens)
Import-Module .\GraphRunner.ps1
Get-GraphTokens

#Invoke-GraphRecon
#This module gathers information about the tenant including the primary contact info, directory sync settings, and user settings such as if users have the ability to create apps, create groups, or consent to apps.
Invoke-GraphRecon -Tokens $tokens -PermissionEnum

#Invoke-DumpCAPS
#A module to dump conditional access policies from a tenant.
Invoke-GraphRecon -Tokens $tokens -PermissionEnum

#Invoke-DumpCAPS
#A module to dump conditional access policies from a tenant.
Invoke-DumpCAPS -Tokens $tokens -ResolveGuids

#Invoke-DumpApps
#This module helps identify malicious app registrations. It will dump a list of Azure app registrations from the tenant including permission scopes and users that have consented to the apps. Additionally, it will list external apps that are not owned by the current tenant or by Microsoft's main app tenant. This is a good way to find third-party external apps that users may have consented to.
Invoke-DumpApps -Tokens $tokens

#Get-AzureADUsers
#Gather the full list of users from the directory.
Get-AzureADUsers -Tokens $tokens -OutFile users.txt

#Get-SecurityGroups
#Create a list of security groups along with their members.
Get-SecurityGroups -AccessToken $tokens.access_token

G#et-UpdatableGroups
#Gets groups that may be able to be modified by the current user
Get-UpdatableGroups -Tokens $tokens

#Get-DynamicGroups
#Finds dynamic groups and displays membership rules
Get-DynamicGroups -Tokens $tokens

#Get-SharePointSiteURLs
#Gets a list of SharePoint site URLs visible to the current user
Get-SharePointSiteURLs -Tokens $tokens

#Invoke-GraphOpenInboxFinder
#This module attempts to locate mailboxes in a tenant that have allowed other users to read them. By providing a userlist the module will attempt to access the inbox of each user and display if it was successful. The access token needs to be scoped to Mail.Read.Shared or Mail.ReadWrite.Shared for this to work.
Invoke-GraphOpenInboxFinder -Tokens $tokens -Userlist users.txt

#Get-TenantID
#This module attempts to gather a tenant ID associated with a domain.
Get-TenantID -Domain

#Invoke-GraphRunner
#Runs Invoke-GraphRecon, Get-AzureADUsers, Get-SecurityGroups, Invoke-DumpCAPS, Invoke-DumpApps, and then uses the default_detectors.json file to search with Invoke-SearchMailbox, Invoke-SearchSharePointAndOneDrive, and Invoke-SearchTeams.
Invoke-GraphRunner -Tokens $tokens

Leer & oefen AWS Hacking:HackTricks Opleiding AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE) Leer & oefen GCP Hacking: HackTricks Opleiding GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)

Ondersteun HackTricks

• Kyk na die subskripsie planne!

• Sluit aan by die 💬 Discord groep of die telegram groep of volg ons op Twitter 🐦 @hacktricks_live.

• Deel hacking truuks deur PRs in te dien na die HackTricks en HackTricks Cloud github repos.