Az - Entra ID (AzureAD) & Azure IAM
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Azure Active Directory (Azure AD) funge da servizio basato su cloud di Microsoft per la gestione dell'identità e degli accessi. È fondamentale per consentire ai dipendenti di accedere e ottenere risorse, sia all'interno che al di fuori dell'organizzazione, comprendendo Microsoft 365, il portale Azure e una moltitudine di altre applicazioni SaaS. Il design di Azure AD si concentra sulla fornitura di servizi di identità essenziali, includendo in modo prominente autenticazione, autorizzazione e gestione degli utenti.
Le caratteristiche chiave di Azure AD comprendono autenticazione a più fattori e accesso condizionale, insieme a un'integrazione fluida con altri servizi di sicurezza Microsoft. Queste funzionalità elevano significativamente la sicurezza delle identità degli utenti e consentono alle organizzazioni di implementare e far rispettare efficacemente le proprie politiche di accesso. Come componente fondamentale dell'ecosistema dei servizi cloud di Microsoft, Azure AD è cruciale per la gestione basata su cloud delle identità degli utenti.
az login #This will open the browser (if not use --use-device-code)
az login -u <username> -p <password> #Specify user and password
az login --identity #Use the current machine managed identity (metadata)
az login --identity -u /subscriptions/<subscriptionId>/resourcegroups/myRG/providers/Microsoft.ManagedIdentity/userAssignedIdentities/myID #Login with user managed identity
# Login as service principal
## With password
az login --service-principal -u <application ID> -p VerySecret --tenant contoso.onmicrosoft.com # Tenant can also be the tenant UUID
## With cert
az login --service-principal -u <application ID> -p ~/mycertfile.pem --tenant contoso.onmicrosoft.com
# Request access token (ARM)
az account get-access-token
# Request access token for different resource. Supported tokens: aad-graph, arm, batch, data-lake, media, ms-graph, oss-rdbms
az account get-access-token --resource-type aad-graph
# If you want to configure some defaults
az configure
# Get user logged-in already
az ad signed-in-user show
# Help
az find "vm" # Find vm commands
az vm -h # Get subdomains
az ad user list --query-examples # Get examples# Login Open browser
Connect-MgGraph
# Login with service principal secret
## App ID and Tenant ID of your Azure AD App Registration
$appId = "<appId>"
$tenantId = "<tenantId>"
$clientSecret = "<clientSecret>"
## Convert the client secret to a SecureString
$secureSecret = ConvertTo-SecureString -String $clientSecret -AsPlainText -Force
## Create a PSCredential object
$credential = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential ($appId, $secureSecret)
## Connect using client credentials
Connect-MgGraph -TenantId $tenantId -ClientSecretCredential $credential
# Login with token
$token = (az account get-access-token --resource https://graph.microsoft.com --query accessToken -o tsv)
$secureToken = ConvertTo-SecureString $token -AsPlainText -Force
Connect-MgGraph -AccessToken $secureToken
# Find commands
Find-MgGraphCommand -command *Mg*Connect-AzAccount #Open browser
# Using credentials
$passwd = ConvertTo-SecureString "Welcome2022!" -AsPlainText -Force
$creds = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential("test@corp.onmicrosoft.com", $passwd)
Connect-AzAccount -Credential $creds
# Get Access Token
(Get-AzAccessToken).Token
# Request access token to other endpoints: AadGraph, AnalysisServices, Arm, Attestation, Batch, DataLake, KeyVault, MSGraph, OperationalInsights, ResourceManager, Storage, Synapse
(Get-AzAccessToken -ResourceTypeName MSGraph).Token
(Get-AzAccessToken -Resource "https://graph.microsoft.com").Token
# Connect with access token
Connect-AzAccount -AccountId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com -AccessToken $token
Connect-AzAccount -AccessToken $token -GraphAccessToken $graphaccesstoken -AccountId <ACCOUNT-ID>
## The -AccessToken is from management.azure.com
# Connect with Service principal/enterprise app secret
$password = ConvertTo-SecureString 'KWEFNOIRFIPMWL.--DWPNVFI._EDWWEF_ADF~SODNFBWRBIF' -AsPlainText -Force
$creds = New-Object
System.Management.Automation.PSCredential('2923847f-fca2-a420-df10-a01928bec653', $password)
Connect-AzAccount -ServicePrincipal -Credential $creds -Tenant 29sd87e56-a192-a934-bca3-0398471ab4e7d
#All the Azure AD cmdlets have the format *-AzAD*
Get-Command *azad*
#Cmdlets for other Azure resources have the format *Az*
Get-Command *az*#Using management
$Token = 'eyJ0eXAi..'
# List subscriptions
$URI = 'https://management.azure.com/subscriptions?api-version=2020-01-01'
$RequestParams = @{
Method = 'GET'
Uri = $URI
Headers = @{
'Authorization' = "Bearer $Token"
}
}
(Invoke-RestMethod @RequestParams).value
# Using graph
Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://graph.windows.net/myorganization/users?api-version=1.6" -Headers @{Authorization="Bearer {0}" -f $Token}# Request tokens to access endpoints
# ARM
curl "$IDENTITY_ENDPOINT?resource=https://management.azure.com&api-version=2017-09-01" -H secret:$IDENTITY_HEADER
# Vault
curl "$IDENTITY_ENDPOINT?resource=https://vault.azure.net&api-version=2017-09-01" -H secret:$IDENTITY_HEADERConnect-AzureAD #Open browser
# Using credentials
$passwd = ConvertTo-SecureString "Welcome2022!" -AsPlainText -Force
$creds = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential ("test@corp.onmicrosoft.com", $passwd)
Connect-AzureAD -Credential $creds
# Using tokens
## AzureAD cannot request tokens, but can use AADGraph and MSGraph tokens to connect
Connect-AzureAD -AccountId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com -AadAccessToken $tokenQuando accedi tramite CLI ad Azure con qualsiasi programma, stai utilizzando un Azure Application di un tenant che appartiene a Microsoft. Queste Applicazioni, come quelle che puoi creare nel tuo account, hanno un client id. Non sarai in grado di vederle tutte nelle liste delle applicazioni consentite che puoi vedere nella console, ma sono consentite per impostazione predefinita.
Ad esempio, uno script powershell che autentica utilizza un'app con client id 1950a258-227b-4e31-a9cf-717495945fc2. Anche se l'app non appare nella console, un sysadmin potrebbe bloccare quell'applicazione in modo che gli utenti non possano accedere utilizzando strumenti che si connettono tramite quell'App.
Tuttavia, ci sono altri client-id di applicazioni che ti permetteranno di connetterti ad Azure:
# The important part is the ClientId, which identifies the application to login inside Azure
$token = Invoke-Authorize -Credential $credential `
-ClientId '1dfb5f98-f363-4b0f-b63a-8d20ada1e62d' `
-Scope 'Files.Read.All openid profile Sites.Read.All User.Read email' `
-Redirect_Uri "https://graphtryit-staging.azurewebsites.net/" `
-Verbose -Debug `
-InformationAction Continue
$token = Invoke-Authorize -Credential $credential `
-ClientId '65611c08-af8c-46fc-ad20-1888eb1b70d9' `
-Scope 'openid profile Sites.Read.All User.Read email' `
-Redirect_Uri "chrome-extension://imjekgehfljppdblckcmjggcoboemlah" `
-Verbose -Debug `
-InformationAction Continue
$token = Invoke-Authorize -Credential $credential `
-ClientId 'd3ce4cf8-6810-442d-b42e-375e14710095' `
-Scope 'openid' `
-Redirect_Uri "https://graphexplorer.azurewebsites.net/" `
-Verbose -Debug `
-InformationAction Continue# List tenants
az account tenant listPer ulteriori informazioni sugli utenti di Entra ID, controlla:
# Enumerate users
az ad user list --output table
az ad user list --query "[].userPrincipalName"
# Get info of 1 user
az ad user show --id "test@corp.onmicrosoft.com"
# Search "admin" users
az ad user list --query "[].displayName" | findstr /i "admin"
az ad user list --query "[?contains(displayName,'admin')].displayName"
# Search attributes containing the word "password"
az ad user list | findstr /i "password" | findstr /v "null,"
# All users from Entra ID
az ad user list --query "[].{osi:onPremisesSecurityIdentifier,upn:userPrincipalName}[?osi==null]"
az ad user list --query "[?onPremisesSecurityIdentifier==null].displayName"
# All users synced from on-prem
az ad user list --query "[].{osi:onPremisesSecurityIdentifier,upn:userPrincipalName}[?osi!=null]"
az ad user list --query "[?onPremisesSecurityIdentifier!=null].displayName"
# Get groups where the user is a member
az ad user get-member-groups --id <email>
# Get roles assigned to the user in Azure (NOT in Entra ID)
az role assignment list --include-inherited --include-groups --include-classic-administrators true --assignee <email>
# Get ALL roles assigned in Azure in the current subscription (NOT in Entra ID)
az role assignment list --include-inherited --include-groups --include-classic-administrators true --all
# Get EntraID roles assigned to a user
## Get Token
export TOKEN=$(az account get-access-token --resource https://graph.microsoft.com/ --query accessToken -o tsv)
## Get users
curl -X GET "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/users" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \ -H "Content-Type: application/json" | jq
## Get EntraID roles assigned to an user
curl -X GET "https://graph.microsoft.com/beta/rolemanagement/directory/transitiveRoleAssignments?\$count=true&\$filter=principalId%20eq%20'86b10631-ff01-4e73-a031-29e505565caa'" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "ConsistencyLevel: eventual" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" | jq
## Get role details
curl -X GET "https://graph.microsoft.com/beta/roleManagement/directory/roleDefinitions/cf1c38e5-3621-4004-a7cb-879624dced7c" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" | jq# Enumerate Users
Get-AzureADUser -All $true
Get-AzureADUser -All $true | select UserPrincipalName
# Get info of 1 user
Get-AzureADUser -ObjectId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com | fl
# Search "admin" users
Get-AzureADUser -SearchString "admin" #Search admin at the begining of DisplayName or userPrincipalName
Get-AzureADUser -All $true |?{$_.Displayname -match "admin"} #Search "admin" word in DisplayName
# Get all attributes of a user
Get-AzureADUser -ObjectId test@defcorphq.onmicrosoft.com|%{$_.PSObject.Properties.Name}
# Search attributes containing the word "password"
Get-AzureADUser -All $true |%{$Properties = $_;$Properties.PSObject.Properties.Name | % {if ($Properties.$_ -match 'password') {"$($Properties.UserPrincipalName) - $_ - $($Properties.$_)"}}}
# All users from AzureAD# All users from AzureAD
Get-AzureADUser -All $true | ?{$_.OnPremisesSecurityIdentifier -eq $null}
# All users synced from on-prem
Get-AzureADUser -All $true | ?{$_.OnPremisesSecurityIdentifier -ne $null}
# Objects created by a/any user
Get-AzureADUser [-ObjectId <email>] | Get-AzureADUserCreatedObject
# Devices owned by a user
Get-AzureADUserOwnedDevice -ObjectId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com
# Objects owned by a specific user
Get-AzureADUserOwnedObject -ObjectId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com
# Get groups & roles where the user is a member
Get-AzureADUserMembership -ObjectId 'test@corp.onmicrosoft.com'
# Get devices owned by a user
Get-AzureADUserOwnedDevice -ObjectId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com
# Get devices registered by a user
Get-AzureADUserRegisteredDevice -ObjectId test@defcorphq.onmicrosoft.com
# Apps where a user has a role (role not shown)
Get-AzureADUser -ObjectId roygcain@defcorphq.onmicrosoft.com | Get-AzureADUserAppRoleAssignment | fl *
# Get Administrative Units of a user
$userObj = Get-AzureADUser -Filter "UserPrincipalName eq 'bill@example.com'"
Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnit | where { Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnitMember -Id $_.Id | where { $_.Id -eq $userObj.ObjectId } }# Enumerate users
Get-AzADUser
# Get details of a user
Get-AzADUser -UserPrincipalName test@defcorphq.onmicrosoft.com
# Search user by string
Get-AzADUser -SearchString "admin" #Search at the beginnig of DisplayName
Get-AzADUser | ?{$_.Displayname -match "admin"}
# Get roles assigned to a user
Get-AzRoleAssignment -SignInName test@corp.onmicrosoft.com$password = "ThisIsTheNewPassword.!123" | ConvertTo- SecureString -AsPlainText –Force
(Get-AzureADUser -All $true | ?{$_.UserPrincipalName -eq "victim@corp.onmicrosoft.com"}).ObjectId | Set- AzureADUserPassword -Password $password –VerboseÈ fortemente consigliato aggiungere MFA a ogni utente, tuttavia, alcune aziende potrebbero non impostarlo o potrebbero impostarlo con un Accesso Condizionale: L'utente sarà richiesto MFA se accede da una posizione specifica, browser o alcuna condizione. Queste politiche, se non configurate correttamente, potrebbero essere soggette a bypass. Controlla:
Per ulteriori informazioni sui gruppi di Entra ID, controlla:
# Enumerate groups
az ad group list
az ad group list --query "[].[displayName]" -o table
# Get info of 1 group
az ad group show --group <group>
# Get "admin" groups
az ad group list --query "[].displayName" | findstr /i "admin"
az ad group list --query "[?contains(displayName,'admin')].displayName"
# All groups from Entra ID
az ad group list --query "[].{osi:onPremisesSecurityIdentifier,displayName:displayName,description:description}[?osi==null]"
az ad group list --query "[?onPremisesSecurityIdentifier==null].displayName"
# All groups synced from on-prem
az ad group list --query "[].{osi:onPremisesSecurityIdentifier,displayName:displayName,description:description}[?osi!=null]"
az ad group list --query "[?onPremisesSecurityIdentifier!=null].displayName"
# Get members of group
az ad group member list --group <group> --query "[].userPrincipalName" -o table
# Check if member of group
az ad group member check --group "VM Admins" --member-id <id>
# Get which groups a group is member of
az ad group get-member-groups -g "VM Admins"
# Get roles assigned to the group in Azure (NOT in Entra ID)
az role assignment list --include-groups --include-classic-administrators true --assignee <group-id>
# To get Entra ID roles assigned check how it's done with users and use a group ID# Enumerate Groups
Get-AzureADGroup -All $true
# Get info of 1 group
Get-AzADGroup -DisplayName <resource_group_name> | fl
# Get "admin" groups
Get-AzureADGroup -SearchString "admin" | fl #Groups starting by "admin"
Get-AzureADGroup -All $true |?{$_.Displayname -match "admin"} #Groups with the word "admin"
# Get groups allowing dynamic membership
Get-AzureADMSGroup | ?{$_.GroupTypes -eq 'DynamicMembership'}
# All groups that are from Azure AD
Get-AzureADGroup -All $true | ?{$_.OnPremisesSecurityIdentifier -eq $null}
# All groups that are synced from on-prem (note that security groups are not synced)
Get-AzureADGroup -All $true | ?{$_.OnPremisesSecurityIdentifier -ne $null}
# Get members of a group
Get-AzureADGroupMember -ObjectId <group_id>
# Get roles of group
Get-AzureADMSGroup -SearchString "Contoso_Helpdesk_Administrators" #Get group id
Get-AzureADMSRoleAssignment -Filter "principalId eq '69584002-b4d1-4055-9c94-320542efd653'"
# Get Administrative Units of a group
$groupObj = Get-AzureADGroup -Filter "displayname eq 'TestGroup'"
Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnit | where { Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnitMember -Id $_.Id | where {$_.Id -eq $groupObj.ObjectId} }
# Get Apps where a group has a role (role not shown)
Get-AzureADGroup -ObjectId <id> | Get-AzureADGroupAppRoleAssignment | fl *# Get all groups
Get-AzADGroup
# Get details of a group
Get-AzADGroup -ObjectId <id>
# Search group by string
Get-AzADGroup -SearchString "admin" | fl * #Search at the beginnig of DisplayName
Get-AzADGroup |?{$_.Displayname -match "admin"}
# Get members of group
Get-AzADGroupMember -GroupDisplayName <resource_group_name>
# Get roles of group
Get-AzRoleAssignment -ResourceGroupName <resource_group_name>I proprietari del gruppo possono aggiungere nuovi utenti al gruppo
Add-AzureADGroupMember -ObjectId <group_id> -RefObjectId <user_id> -VerboseI gruppi possono essere dinamici, il che significa fondamentalmente che se un utente soddisfa determinate condizioni verrà aggiunto a un gruppo. Naturalmente, se le condizioni si basano su attributi che un utente può controllare, potrebbe abusare di questa funzionalità per entrare in altri gruppi. Controlla come abusare dei gruppi dinamici nella pagina seguente:
Per ulteriori informazioni sui principali di servizio di Entra ID controlla:
# Get Service Principals
az ad sp list --all
az ad sp list --all --query "[].[displayName,appId]" -o table
# Get details of one SP
az ad sp show --id 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
# Search SP by string
az ad sp list --all --query "[?contains(displayName,'app')].displayName"
# Get owner of service principal
az ad sp owner list --id <id> --query "[].[displayName]" -o table
# Get service principals owned by the current user
az ad sp list --show-mine
# Get SPs with generated secret or certificate
az ad sp list --query '[?length(keyCredentials) > `0` || length(passwordCredentials) > `0`].[displayName, appId, keyCredentials, passwordCredentials]' -o json# Get Service Principals
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -All $true
# Get details about a SP
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -ObjectId <id> | fl *
# Get SP by string name or Id
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -All $true | ?{$_.DisplayName -match "app"} | fl
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -All $true | ?{$_.AppId -match "103947652-1234-5834-103846517389"}
# Get owner of SP
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -ObjectId <id> | Get-AzureADServicePrincipalOwner |fl *
# Get objects owned by a SP
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -ObjectId <id> | Get-AzureADServicePrincipalOwnedObject
# Get objects created by a SP
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -ObjectId <id> | Get-AzureADServicePrincipalCreatedObject
# Get groups where the SP is a member
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal | Get-AzureADServicePrincipalMembership
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -ObjectId <id> | Get-AzureADServicePrincipalMembership |fl *# Get SPs
Get-AzADServicePrincipal
# Get info of 1 SP
Get-AzADServicePrincipal -ObjectId <id>
# Search SP by string
Get-AzADServicePrincipal | ?{$_.DisplayName -match "app"}
# Get roles of a SP
Get-AzRoleAssignment -ServicePrincipalName <String>$Token = 'eyJ0eX..'
$URI = 'https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications'
$RequestParams = @{
Method = 'GET'
Uri = $URI
Headers = @{
'Authorization' = "Bearer $Token"
}
}
(Invoke-RestMethod @RequestParams).valueIl proprietario di un Service Principal può cambiare la sua password.
```powershell # Just call Add-AzADAppSecret Function Add-AzADAppSecret { <# .SYNOPSIS Add client secret to the applications.
.PARAMETER GraphToken Pass the Graph API Token
.EXAMPLE PS C:> Add-AzADAppSecret -GraphToken 'eyJ0eX..'
.LINK https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/graph/api/application-list?view=graph-rest-1.0&tabs=http https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/graph/api/application-addpassword?view=graph-rest-1.0&tabs=http #>
[CmdletBinding()] param( [Parameter(Mandatory=$True)] [String] $GraphToken = $null )
$AppList = $null $AppPassword = $null
$Params = @{ "URI" = "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications" "Method" = "GET" "Headers" = @{ "Content-Type" = "application/json" "Authorization" = "Bearer $GraphToken" } }
try { $AppList = Invoke-RestMethod @Params -UseBasicParsing } catch { }
if($AppList -ne $null) { [System.Collections.ArrayList]$Details = @()
foreach($App in $AppList.value) { $ID = $App.ID $psobj = New-Object PSObject
$Params = @{ "URI" = "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications/$ID/addPassword" "Method" = "POST" "Headers" = @{ "Content-Type" = "application/json" "Authorization" = "Bearer $GraphToken" } }
$Body = @{ "passwordCredential"= @{ "displayName" = "Password" } }
try { $AppPassword = Invoke-RestMethod @Params -UseBasicParsing -Body ($Body | ConvertTo-Json) Add-Member -InputObject $psobj -NotePropertyName "Object ID" -NotePropertyValue $ID Add-Member -InputObject $psobj -NotePropertyName "App ID" -NotePropertyValue $App.appId Add-Member -InputObject $psobj -NotePropertyName "App Name" -NotePropertyValue $App.displayName Add-Member -InputObject $psobj -NotePropertyName "Key ID" -NotePropertyValue $AppPassword.keyId Add-Member -InputObject $psobj -NotePropertyName "Secret" -NotePropertyValue $AppPassword.secretText $Details.Add($psobj) | Out-Null } catch { Write-Output "Failed to add new client secret to '$($App.displayName)' Application." } } if($Details -ne $null) { Write-Output "" Write-Output "Client secret added to : " Write-Output $Details | fl * } } else { Write-Output "Failed to Enumerate the Applications." } }
</details>
### Applicazioni
Per ulteriori informazioni sulle Applicazioni, controlla:
<div data-gb-custom-block data-tag="content-ref" data-url='../az-basic-information/'>
[az-basic-information](../az-basic-information/)
</div>
Quando un'App viene generata, vengono date 2 tipi di permessi:
* **Permessi** dati al **Service Principal**
* **Permessi** che l'**app** può avere e utilizzare per **conto dell'utente**.
<div data-gb-custom-block data-tag="tabs">
<div data-gb-custom-block data-tag="tab" data-title='az cli'>
```bash
# List Apps
az ad app list
az ad app list --query "[].[displayName,appId]" -o table
# Get info of 1 App
az ad app show --id 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
# Search App by string
az ad app list --query "[?contains(displayName,'app')].displayName"
# Get the owner of an application
az ad app owner list --id <id> --query "[].[displayName]" -o table
# Get SPs owned by current user
az ad app list --show-mine
# Get apps with generated secret or certificate
az ad app list --query '[?length(keyCredentials) > `0` || length(passwordCredentials) > `0`].[displayName, appId, keyCredentials, passwordCredentials]' -o json# List all registered applications
Get-AzureADApplication -All $true
# Get details of an application
Get-AzureADApplication -ObjectId <id> | fl *
# List all the apps with an application password
Get-AzureADApplication -All $true | %{if(Get-AzureADApplicationPasswordCredential -ObjectID $_.ObjectID){$_}}
# Get owner of an application
Get-AzureADApplication -ObjectId <id> | Get-AzureADApplicationOwner |fl *# Get Apps
Get-AzADApplication
# Get details of one App
Get-AzADApplication -ObjectId <id>
# Get App searching by string
Get-AzADApplication | ?{$_.DisplayName -match "app"}
# Get Apps with password
Get-AzADAppCredentialUn'app con il permesso AppRoleAssignment.ReadWrite può escalare a Global Admin concedendosi il ruolo.
Per ulteriori informazioni controlla questo.
Una stringa segreta che l'applicazione utilizza per dimostrare la propria identità quando richiede un token è la password dell'applicazione. Quindi, se trovi questa password puoi accedere come service principal all'interno del tenant. Nota che questa password è visibile solo quando viene generata (puoi cambiarla ma non puoi ottenerla di nuovo). Il proprietario dell'applicazione può aggiungere una password ad essa (così può impersonarla). Gli accessi come questi service principals non sono contrassegnati come rischiosi e non avranno MFA.
È possibile trovare un elenco di App ID comunemente usati che appartengono a Microsoft in https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/entra/entra-id/governance/verify-first-party-apps-sign-in#application-ids-of-commonly-used-microsoft-applications
Per ulteriori informazioni sulle Managed Identities controlla:
# List all manged identitiesaz identity list --output table# With the principal ID you can continue the enumeration in service principals
Per ulteriori informazioni sui ruoli di Azure, controlla:
# Get rolesaz role definition list# Get all assigned rolesaz role assignment list --all --query "[].roleDefinitionName"az role assignment list --all | jq '.[] | .roleDefinitionName,.scope'# Get info of 1 roleaz role definition list --name "AzureML Registry User"# Get only custom rolesaz role definition list --custom-role-only# Get only roles assigned to the resource group indicatedaz role definition list --resource-group <resource_group># Get only roles assigned to the indicated scopeaz role definition list --scope <scope># Get all the principals a role is assigned toaz role assignment list --all --query "[].{principalName:principalName,principalType:principalType,resourceGroup:resourceGroup,roleDefinitionName:roleDefinitionName}[?roleDefinitionName=='<ROLE_NAME>']"# Get all the roles assigned to a useraz role assignment list --assignee "<email>" --all --output table# Get all the roles assigned to a user by filteringaz role assignment list --all --query "[?principalName=='carlos@carloshacktricks.onmicrosoft.com']" --output table# Get role assignments on the subscriptionGet-AzRoleDefinition# Get Role definitionGet-AzRoleDefinition -Name "Virtual Machine Command Executor"# Get roles of a user or resourceGet-AzRoleAssignment -SignInName test@corp.onmicrosoft.comGet-AzRoleAssignment -Scope /subscriptions/<subscription-id>/resourceGroups/<res_group_name>/providers/Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines/<vm_name># Get permissions over a resource using ARM directly$Token = (Get-AzAccessToken).Token$URI = 'https://management.azure.com/subscriptions/b413826f-108d-4049-8c11-d52d5d388768/resourceGroups/Research/providers/Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines/infradminsrv/providers/Microsoft.Authorization/permissions?api-version=2015-07-01'$RequestParams = @{Method = 'GET'Uri = $URIHeaders = @{'Authorization' = "Bearer $Token"}}(Invoke-RestMethod @RequestParams).value
Per ulteriori informazioni sui ruoli di Azure, controlla:
# List template Entra ID rolesaz rest --method GET \--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directoryRoleTemplates"# List enabled built-in Entra ID rolesaz rest --method GET \--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directoryRoles"# List all Entra ID roles with their permissions (including custom roles)az rest --method GET \--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/roleManagement/directory/roleDefinitions"# List only custom Entra ID rolesaz rest --method GET \--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/roleManagement/directory/roleDefinitions" | jq '.value[] | select(.isBuiltIn == false)'# List all assigned Entra ID rolesaz rest --method GET \--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/roleManagement/directory/roleAssignments"# List members of a Entra ID rolesaz rest --method GET \--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directoryRoles/<role-id>/members"# List Entra ID roles assigned to a useraz rest --method GET \--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/users/<user-id>/memberOf/microsoft.graph.directoryRole" \--query "value[]" \--output json# List Entra ID roles assigned to a groupaz rest --method GET \--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/groups/$GROUP_ID/memberOf/microsoft.graph.directoryRole" \--query "value[]" \--output json# List Entra ID roles assigned to a service principalaz rest --method GET \--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/servicePrincipals/$SP_ID/memberOf/microsoft.graph.directoryRole" \--query "value[]" \--output json# Get all available role templatesGet-AzureADDirectoryroleTemplate# Get enabled roles (Assigned roles)Get-AzureADDirectoryRoleGet-AzureADDirectoryRole -ObjectId <roleID> #Get info about the role# Get custom roles - use AzureAdPreviewGet-AzureADMSRoleDefinition | ?{$_.IsBuiltin -eq $False} | select DisplayName# Users assigned a role (Global Administrator)Get-AzureADDirectoryRole -Filter "DisplayName eq 'Global Administrator'" | Get-AzureADDirectoryRoleMemberGet-AzureADDirectoryRole -ObjectId <id> | fl# Roles of the Administrative Unit (who has permissions over the administrative unit and its members)Get-AzureADMSScopedRoleMembership -Id <id> | fl *
# If you know how to do this send a PR!# Enumerate DevicesGet-AzureADDevice -All $true | fl *# List all the active devices (and not the stale devices)Get-AzureADDevice -All $true | ?{$_.ApproximateLastLogonTimeStamp -ne $null}# Get owners of all devicesGet-AzureADDevice -All $true | Get-AzureADDeviceRegisteredOwnerGet-AzureADDevice -All $true | %{if($user=Get-AzureADDeviceRegisteredOwner -ObjectId $_.ObjectID){$_;$user.UserPrincipalName;"`n"}}# Registred users of all the devicesGet-AzureADDevice -All $true | Get-AzureADDeviceRegisteredUserGet-AzureADDevice -All $true | %{if($user=Get-AzureADDeviceRegisteredUser -ObjectId $_.ObjectID){$_;$user.UserPrincipalName;"`n"}}# Get dives managed using IntuneGet-AzureADDevice -All $true | ?{$_.IsCompliant -eq "True"}# Get devices owned by a userGet-AzureADUserOwnedDevice -ObjectId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com# Get Administrative Units of a deviceGet-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnit | where { Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnitMember -ObjectId $_.ObjectId | where {$_.ObjectId -eq $deviceObjId} }
Se un dispositivo (VM) è collegato ad AzureAD, gli utenti di AzureAD potranno accedere. Inoltre, se l'utente connesso è Proprietario del dispositivo, sarà amministratore locale.
Per ulteriori informazioni sulle unità amministrative, controlla:
# List all administrative unitsaz rest --method GET --uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directory/administrativeUnits"# Get AU infoaz rest --method GET --uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directory/administrativeUnits/a76fd255-3e5e-405b-811b-da85c715ff53"# Get membersaz rest --method GET --uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directory/administrativeUnits/a76fd255-3e5e-405b-811b-da85c715ff53/members"# Get principals with roles over the AUaz rest --method GET --uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directory/administrativeUnits/a76fd255-3e5e-405b-811b-da85c715ff53/scopedRoleMembers"# Get Administrative UnitsGet-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnitGet-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnit -Id <id># Get ID of admin unit by string$adminUnitObj = Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnit -Filter "displayname eq 'Test administrative unit 2'"# List the users, groups, and devices affected by the administrative unitGet-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnitMember -Id <id># Get the roles users have over the members of the AUGet-AzureADMSScopedRoleMembership -Id <id> | fl #Get role ID and role members
La gestione delle identità privilegiate (PIM) in Azure aiuta a prevenire l'assegnazione di privilegi eccessivi agli utenti in modo non necessario.
Una delle principali caratteristiche fornite da PIM è che consente di non assegnare ruoli ai soggetti che sono costantemente attivi, ma di renderli idonei per un periodo di tempo (ad es. 6 mesi). Poi, ogni volta che l'utente desidera attivare quel ruolo, deve richiederlo indicando il tempo di cui ha bisogno per il privilegio (ad es. 3 ore). Quindi un amministratore deve approvare la richiesta. Nota che l'utente sarà anche in grado di chiedere di estendere il tempo.
Inoltre, PIM invia email ogni volta che un ruolo privilegiato viene assegnato a qualcuno.
Quando PIM è abilitato, è possibile configurare ciascun ruolo con determinati requisiti come:
Durata massima (ore) di attivazione
Richiedere MFA all'attivazione
Richiedere il contesto di autenticazione Conditional Access
Richiedere giustificazione all'attivazione
Richiedere informazioni sul ticket all'attivazione
Richiedere approvazione per attivare
Tempo massimo per far scadere le assegnazioni idonee
Molte altre configurazioni su quando e a chi inviare notifiche quando si verificano determinate azioni con quel ruolo
Controlla:
Entra Identity Protection è un servizio di sicurezza che consente di rilevare quando un utente o un accesso è troppo rischioso per essere accettato, consentendo di bloccare l'utente o il tentativo di accesso.
Consente all'amministratore di configurarlo per bloccare i tentativi quando il rischio è "Basso e superiore", "Medio e superiore" o "Alto". Tuttavia, per impostazione predefinita è completamente disabilitato:
Oggi è consigliato aggiungere queste restrizioni tramite le politiche di Accesso Condizionale dove è possibile configurare le stesse opzioni.
Entra Password Protection (https://portal.azure.com/#view/Microsoft_AAD_ConditionalAccess/PasswordProtectionBlade) è una funzionalità di sicurezza che aiuta a prevenire l'abuso di password deboli bloccando gli account quando si verificano diversi tentativi di accesso non riusciti. Consente anche di vietare un elenco di password personalizzato che è necessario fornire.
Può essere applicato sia a livello cloud che su Active Directory on-premises.
La modalità predefinita è Audit:
