In order to audit an AZURE environment it's very important to know: which services are being used, what is being exposed, who has access to what, and how are internal Azure services and external services connected.
From a Red Team point of view, the first step to compromise an Azure environment is to manage to obtain some credentials for Azure AD. Here you have some ideas on how to do that:
The file accessTokens.json in az cli before 2.30 - Jan2022 - stored access tokens in clear text
The file azureProfile.json contains info about logged user.
az logout removes the token.
Older versions of Az PowerShell stored access tokens in clear text in TokenCache.dat. It also stores ServicePrincipalSecret in clear-text in AzureRmContext.json. The cmdlet Save-AzContext can be used to storetokens.
Use Disconnect-AzAccount to remove them.
After you have managed to obtain credentials, you need to know to who do those creds belong, and what they have access to, so you need to perform some basic enumeration:
Basic Enumeration
Remember that the noisiest part of the enumeration is the login, not the enumeration itself.
SSRF
If you found a SSRF in a machine inside Azure check this page for tricks:
Bypass Login Conditions
In cases where you have some valid credentials but you cannot login, these are some common protections that could be in place:
IP whitelisting -- You need to compromise a valid IP
Geo restrictions -- Find where the user lives or where are the offices of the company and get a IP from the same city (or contry at least)
Browser -- Maybe only a browser from certain OS (Windows, Linux, Mac, Android, iOS) is allowed. Find out which OS the victim/company uses.
You can also try to compromise Service Principal credentials as they usually are less limited and its login is less reviewed
After bypassing it, you might be able to get back to your initial setup and you will still have access.
Learn how to install az cli, AzureAD and Az PowerShell in the Az - Entra ID section.
One of the first things you need to know is who you are (in which environment you are):
azaccountlistazaccounttenantlist# Current tenant infoazaccountsubscriptionlist# Current subscription infoazadsigned-in-usershow# Current signed-in userazadsigned-in-userlist-owned-objects# Get owned objects by current userazaccountmanagement-grouplist#Not allowed by default
#Get the current session stateGet-AzureADCurrentSessionInfo#Get details of the current tenantGet-AzureADTenantDetail
# Get the information about the current context (Account, Tenant, Subscription etc.)Get-AzContext# List all available contextsGet-AzContext-ListAvailable# Enumerate subscriptions accessible by the current userGet-AzSubscription#Get Resource groupGet-AzResourceGroup# Enumerate all resources visible to the current userGet-AzResource# Enumerate all Azure RBAC role assignmentsGet-AzRoleAssignment# For all usersGet-AzRoleAssignment-SignInName test@corp.onmicrosoft.com # For current user
Oone of the most important commands to enumerate Azure is Get-AzResource from Az PowerShell as it lets you know the resources your current user has visibility over.
By default, any user should have enough permissions to enumerate things such us, users, groups, roles, service principals... (check default AzureAD permissions).
You can find here a guide:
Now that you have some information about your credentials (and if you are a red team hopefully you haven't been detected). It's time to figure out which services are being used in the environment.
In the following section you can check some ways to enumerate some common services.
App Service SCM
Kudu console to log in to the App Service 'container'.
Webshell
Use portal.azure.com and select the shell, or use shell.azure.com, for a bash or powershell. The 'disk' of this shell are stored as an image file in a storage-account.
Azure DevOps
Azure DevOps is separate from Azure. It has repositories, pipelines (yaml or release), boards, wiki, and more. Variable Groups are used to store variable values and secrets.
Debug | MitM az cli
Using the parameter --debug it's possible to see all the requests the tool az is sending:
azaccountmanagement-grouplist--outputtable--debug
In order to do a MitM to the tool and check all the requests it's sending manually you can do:
export ADAL_PYTHON_SSL_NO_VERIFY=1export AZURE_CLI_DISABLE_CONNECTION_VERIFICATION=1export HTTPS_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"export HTTP_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"# If this is not enough# Download the certificate from Burp and convert it into .pem format# And export the following env variableopensslx509-in~/Downloads/cacert.der-informDER-out~/Downloads/cacert.pem-outformPEMexport REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE=/Users/user/Downloads/cacert.pem
Import-Module monkey365Get-HelpInvoke-Monkey365Get-HelpInvoke-Monkey365-DetailedInvoke-Monkey365-IncludeEntraID -ExportTo HTML -Verbose -Debug -InformationAction ContinueInvoke-Monkey365- Instance Azure -Analysis All -ExportTo HTML
# Start Backendcd stormspotter\backend\pipenv shellpython ssbackend.pyz# Start Front-endcd stormspotter\frontend\dist\spa\quasar.cmd serve -p 9091--history# Run Stormcollectorcd stormspotter\stormcollector\pipenv shellaz login -u test@corp.onmicrosoft.com -p Welcome2022!python stormspotter\stormcollector\sscollector.pyz cli# This will generate a .zip file to upload in the frontend (127.0.0.1:9091)
# You need to use the Az PowerShell and Azure AD modules:$passwd =ConvertTo-SecureString"Welcome2022!"-AsPlainText -Force$creds =New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential ("test@corp.onmicrosoft.com", $passwd)Connect-AzAccount-Credential $credsImport-Module AzureAD\AzureAD.psd1Connect-AzureAD-Credential $creds# Launch AzureHound. AzureHound\AzureHound.ps1Invoke-AzureHound-Verbose# Simple queries## All Azure UsersMATCH (n:AZUser) return n.name## All Azure ApplicationsMATCH (n:AZApp) return n.objectid## All Azure DevicesMATCH (n:AZDevice) return n.name## All Azure GroupsMATCH (n:AZGroup) return n.name## All Azure Key VaultsMATCH (n:AZKeyVault) return n.name## All Azure Resource GroupsMATCH (n:AZResourceGroup) return n.name## All Azure Service PrincipalsMATCH (n:AZServicePrincipal) return n.objectid## All Azure Virtual MachinesMATCH (n:AZVM) return n.name## All Principals with the ‘Contributor’ roleMATCH p = (n)-[r:AZContributor]->(g) RETURN p# Advanced queries## Get Global AdminsMATCH p =(n)-[r:AZGlobalAdmin*1..]->(m) RETURN p## Owners of Azure GroupsMATCH p = (n)-[r:AZOwns]->(g:AZGroup) RETURN p## All Azure Users and their GroupsMATCH p=(m:AZUser)-[r:MemberOf]->(n) WHERE NOT m.objectid CONTAINS 'S-1-5'RETURN p## Privileged Service PrincipalsMATCH p = (g:AZServicePrincipal)-[r]->(n) RETURN p## Owners of Azure ApplicationsMATCH p = (n)-[r:AZOwns]->(g:AZApp) RETURN p## Paths to VMsMATCH p = (n)-[r]->(g: AZVM) RETURN p## Paths to KeyVaultMATCH p = (n)-[r]->(g:AZKeyVault) RETURN p## Paths to Azure Resource GroupMATCH p = (n)-[r]->(g:AZResourceGroup) RETURN p## On-Prem users with edges to AzureMATCH p=(m:User)-[r:AZResetPassword|AZOwns|AZUserAccessAdministrator|AZContributor|AZAddMembers|AZGlobalAdmin|AZVMContributor|AZOwnsAZAvereContributor]->(n) WHERE m.objectid CONTAINS 'S-1-5-21'RETURN p## All Azure AD Groups that are synchronized with On-Premise ADMATCH (n:Group) WHERE n.objectid CONTAINS 'S-1-5' AND n.azsyncid IS NOT NULL RETURN n
# You should use an account with at least read-permission on the assets you want to accessgitclonehttps://github.com/nccgroup/azucar.gitPS> Get-ChildItem-Recursec:\Azucar_V10|Unblock-FilePS> .\Azucar.ps1-AuthModeUseCachedCredentials-Verbose-WriteLog-Debug-ExportToPRINTPS> .\Azucar.ps1-ExportToCSV,JSON,XML,EXCEL-AuthModeCertificate_Credentials-CertificateC:\AzucarTest\server.pfx-ApplicationId00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000-TenantID00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000PS> .\Azucar.ps1-ExportToCSV,JSON,XML,EXCEL-AuthModeCertificate_Credentials-CertificateC:\AzucarTest\server.pfx-CertFilePasswordMySuperP@ssw0rd!-ApplicationId00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000-TenantID00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000# resolve the TenantID for an specific usernamePS> .\Azucar.ps1-ResolveTenantUserNameuser@company.com
#Get-GraphTokens#A good place to start is to authenticate with the Get-GraphTokens module. This module will launch a device-code login, allowing you to authenticate the session from a browser session. Access and refresh tokens will be written to the global $tokens variable. To use them with other GraphRunner modules use the Tokens flag (Example. Invoke-DumpApps -Tokens $tokens)Import-Module .\GraphRunner.ps1Get-GraphTokens#Invoke-GraphRecon#This module gathers information about the tenant including the primary contact info, directory sync settings, and user settings such as if users have the ability to create apps, create groups, or consent to apps.Invoke-GraphRecon-Tokens $tokens -PermissionEnum#Invoke-DumpCAPS#A module to dump conditional access policies from a tenant.Invoke-GraphRecon-Tokens $tokens -PermissionEnum#Invoke-DumpCAPS#A module to dump conditional access policies from a tenant.Invoke-DumpCAPS-Tokens $tokens -ResolveGuids#Invoke-DumpApps#This module helps identify malicious app registrations. It will dump a list of Azure app registrations from the tenant including permission scopes and users that have consented to the apps. Additionally, it will list external apps that are not owned by the current tenant or by Microsoft's main app tenant. This is a good way to find third-party external apps that users may have consented to.Invoke-DumpApps-Tokens $tokens#Get-AzureADUsers#Gather the full list of users from the directory.Get-AzureADUsers-Tokens $tokens -OutFile users.txt#Get-SecurityGroups#Create a list of security groups along with their members.Get-SecurityGroups-AccessToken $tokens.access_tokenG#et-UpdatableGroups#Gets groups that may be able to be modified by the current userGet-UpdatableGroups-Tokens $tokens#Get-DynamicGroups#Finds dynamic groups and displays membership rulesGet-DynamicGroups-Tokens $tokens#Get-SharePointSiteURLs#Gets a list of SharePoint site URLs visible to the current userGet-SharePointSiteURLs-Tokens $tokens#Invoke-GraphOpenInboxFinder#This module attempts to locate mailboxes in a tenant that have allowed other users to read them. By providing a userlist the module will attempt to access the inbox of each user and display if it was successful. The access token needs to be scoped to Mail.Read.Shared or Mail.ReadWrite.Shared for this to work.Invoke-GraphOpenInboxFinder-Tokens $tokens -Userlist users.txt#Get-TenantID#This module attempts to gather a tenant ID associated with a domain.Get-TenantID-Domain #Invoke-GraphRunner#Runs Invoke-GraphRecon, Get-AzureADUsers, Get-SecurityGroups, Invoke-DumpCAPS, Invoke-DumpApps, and then uses the default_detectors.json file to search with Invoke-SearchMailbox, Invoke-SearchSharePointAndOneDrive, and Invoke-SearchTeams.Invoke-GraphRunner-Tokens $tokens
